Journal of the William Morris Society, Winter 1962

[15] ‘She and He’ [poem by William Morris]

THIS may be called ‘a poem by the way’. A stanza got into my head on Friday last, and so thought I would go on with it. I send it on so that it may not interrupt tomorrow (Wednesday’s reading) as that is business and is like to take time. ‘W’.M.

            This pencilled note of explanation was written on the original draft of a poem Morris sent to Lady Burne-Jones on Tuesday, January 1896. Before it was posted, Cockerell made a fair copy. This fair copy, another made by Morris himself, and the original draft are now at the British Museum. The poem, She & He, was published in Vol. XXI of the Collected Works.

            Cockerell, who became Morris’ secretary and librarian in 1892, continued in that capacity after he became secretary of the Kelmscott Press in 1894. Morris’ business letters were written out for him in the diminutive but legible script that has become familiar to collectors and students all over the world. Where did Cockerell acquire this diminutive arid un-Victorian hand? St. Paul’s School and the firm of Geo. J Cockerell & Co., coal merchants, where he worked for seven years, seem improbable sources. It had several of the qualities of a formal hand — character, regularity, neatness and rhythm; but Cockerell was not encouraged to attempt formal writing despite, or perhaps because of, his close study of mediaeval manuscripts. His ‘tiny script’ served his purpose admirably and had no aesthetic pretensions. There was indeed one occasion on which he committed a ‘scribal indiscretion’ as he put it. In 1889, when he was twenty-two, he wrote out for Professor Norman Collie, the mountaineer, the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. His sister Olive painted the initials and his brother Douglas bound the book. When, over fifty years later, a friend asked him what he should bid for it at Sotheby’s, Cockerell replied ‘Nothing at all, the writing is deplorable.’

            ‘A poem by the way’ is a reference tothe collection of Morris’ shorter poems composed since the publication in 1858, of his first volume, The Defence of Guenevere and other poems. The later collection was first printed at the Kelmscott Press and issued in September 1891. R.C.H.B.

[16] [image of She and He, Morris’s original draft, first page, script area 12 5/16 inches deep]
[17] [image of Cockerell’s fair copy, first page, script area 11 5/16 inches deep]

I am, Sir,
your obedient servant

[18] IN the course of his long life Sir Sydney Cockerell wrote more than a hundred letters to the Press. These demonstrate his constant concern for precision, a concern stimulated by his awareness of the dangers of inaccuracy; for, as he wrote in the Times Literary Supplement for 6 July 1951, ‘errors and perversions once served up can never perish. In spite of their exposure they will go on being rehashed, often with new flavourings, for ever and ever’. The letters well display his gift for concise statement. They reveal also interest in a wide range of subjects. Letters about Morris, Blunt and Hardy, men well known to Sir Sydney, about rnediaeval miniaturists (almost as familiar to him) and mediaeval architect about the coal-trade in the ‘eighties and the Fitzwilliam Museum come as no surprise. But it is agreeably unexpected to find him campaigning against the overworking of hospital nurses or appealing for toys for toyless children. Most clearly exhibited of all his loyalty to his heroes and friends, whose reputations he was ever ready to defend.

            There is no fine writing in these letters, but a happy or memorable phrase often appears; and often embedded in one of them is the added treasure of an apt quotation from Ruskin. Sir Sydney in his correspondence to the Press could be cantankerous, pernickety and wrong, though usually he was not; but he was always lively. He wrote most frequently to The Times, which he evidently read closely, though in later years the Listener was also a favourite. ‘I am, Sir, your obedient servant’ was his usual form of termination as was it also that of his master, William Morris.

            In the following list the abbreviation S.C.C. is used to denote Sir Sydney. No doubt there are other letters that have escaped notice. Details of any omissions will be welcomed.
R.C.H.B.

Another Railway Grievance (signed Susannah FitzPortly)

28 Jan. 1887 PALL MALL GAZETTE A fictitious fine lady’s lament about the inadequate width of seats and doors in railway carriages.

[19] Weights and Measures in the London Coal-Trade (signed S.C.C.) 4 Oct. 1888 THE TIMES
Concerning fraudulent practices of certain sections of the London coal trade; ‘the safest way to avoid being cheated is to spend a little trouble in seeking out the honest men’.

Short Weight in Coals (signed ‘Another London Coal Merchant’) 15 Nov. 1889 DAILY TELEGRAPH
Concerning evils that have followed the public’s demand for cheapness above everything.

Architectural Restoration of Italy 28 May 1900 THE TIMES
Concerning the chapel of Santa Maria della Spina at Pisa, ‘flayed and renovated’ in barbarous manner; lengthy quotation from Fors Clavigera for August 1872.

Memorials to John Ruskin and the Duke of Westminster 22 Aug. 1900 THE TIMES
Supporting Thackeray Turner’s protest against proposed memorials in Westminster Abbey — a portrait medallion for Ruskin and a stained-glass window for the Duke of Westminster; suggesting instead the purchase of a cliff or hill-top; apt quotation from Ruskin condemning memorials.

The Memorial to John Ruskin 28 Aug. 1900 THE TIMES
Proposing that the memorial to Ruskin be placed in the National Gallery.

The Post Office and its Buildings17 May 1907 THE TIMES
Calling for improvement in the design of post offices; commending the metropolitan School Board buildings and the L.C.C, fire stations and workmen’s dwellings.

The Windsor Drawings 27 Jan. 1912 THE TIMES
Concerning a Holbein portrait lent to the Fitzwilliam Museum by His Majesty the King.

A Suggested Memorial 20 Oct. 1915 CAMBRIDGE REVIEW
Proposing a form of memorial to fallen members of the University.

The Fitzwilliam Museum Short16 May 1921 THE TIMES
Refuting Professor E. S. Prior’s criticisms of plans for extension of the Museum.

The Spire of Old St Paul’s, A Woodcut of 1510  4 Feb. 1925 THE TIMES
Drawing attention to the earliest engraved view of London (illustrated) in the Cronycle of Englande printed by Richard Pynson.

Portraits of Artists 5 Feb. 1925 THE TIMES
Drawing attention to the collection of portraits of living artists at the Fitzwilliam Museum.

Memorials to Thomas Hardy17 Jan. 1928 THE TIMES
Pointing out that Hardy disliked ‘utilitarian memorials’ and ‘condemned (20) the common practice of making the death of a famous person the excuse for raising money for drinking-fountains, lecterns, village halls, and other useful purposes, however commendable they might be on general grounds’; proposes a column on Rainbarrow (‘Egdon Heath’), Dorset.

Literature and Prices April 1928 THE TIMES
A retort to Richard Sickert’s assertion of April that collectors are no lovers of literature. The correspondence arose out of the unexpectedly high price fetched at the sale of the MS. of Alice in Wonderland.

Universities and Rates 8 June 1928 THE TIMES
Revealing that more than one-sixth of the Fitzwilliam Museum’s income for 1927 (4,213 pounds) went to local rates — hence the deficit in its accounts.

A Memorial to Thomas Hardy 27 Oct. 1928 THE TIMES
Recalling Hardy’s ‘wistful affirmative’ to S.C.C.’s enquiry whether Hardy’s ghost would be pleased to see a memorial tower on Rainbarrow — quotes S.C.C.’s diary for 30 June 1926.

The Wilton Diptych 6 Aug. 1929 THE TIMES
Concerning the identity of the painter of the portrait of Richard II; other letters on the subject appeared on 22, 26 and 27 June; 2, 8, 13 and 24 July; 26 and 28 Aug.

Lord Byron’s Library 15 Jan. 1930 THE TIMES
Concerning forgeries by the impostor, George Gordon Byron, including letters of Byron, one of which was in S.C.C.’s possession’. . . I have given it with many apologies to my friend Mr. T. J. Wise. He has thought it worth admission, as a disgrace and a danger-signal, to a back seat among the splendid company of his authetic Byroniana’.

Memorials in the Abbey 4 Aug. 1930 THE TIMES
Repeating a proposal ‘that found some favour five and twenty years ago’, for overcoming the difficulty of finding room for memorials in Westminster Abbey: that names and dates of persons of very special eminence should be carved on the floor of the nave in a slowly extending column.

Another Thomas Hardy 18 Oct. 1932 THE TIMES
Recalling that S.C.C. sent a copy of the autobiography of the radical bookmaker, who died in 1832, to his famous contemporary namesake; quotes part of Hardy’s reply of 29 Nov. 1913; and states that Hardy rather wished he had been called Christopher.

The Kelmscott Types 8 April 1933 THE TIMES
Explaining what actually happened to the woodblocks and founts of type used for the Kelmscott Press.

A Belt of Open Spaces24 Jan. 1935 THE TIMES

Pointing out that Octavia Hill advocated a green belt forty years earlier and that Ruskin’s idea of the National Trust was put into practice by her and Canon Rawnsley. ‘How deeply indebted is England to those who set this beneficent ball rolling and how greatly we should honour their memories.’

[21] ‘A Gracious Lady’14 July 1935 THE TIMES
Concerning Charles Dickens ’friend Ellen Ternan. ‘In her house at Margate I met both Mamie Dickens and Georgina Hogarth …”

Overworking of Nurses 20 Aug. 1936 THE TIMES
Practice and theory. An appeal to the Hospital Authorities. Insisting on one free day a week for nurses. ‘When I faced the Committee and accused them of sweating their nurses . - - some astonishment was expressed but I could find no other word . . . After all they (nurses) are human beings and not just animated caps and aprons.’

Stalky &Co.March 1938 THE TIMES
Recalling a reading by Kipling of then unpublished Stalky stories.

‘The Temple-Haunting Martlet’ 9 May 1938 THE TIMES
Whether Shakespeare’s martlets (Macbeth Act I, Sc. iv) were house martins or swifts.

‘The Temple-Haunting Martlet’ 14 May 1938 THE TIMES
‘If some super-pundit would now step in to settle the matter once for all. . . the intrusion into your columns of an ignoramus in such matters would have its justification.’

Swinburne & San Gimignano 17 Aug. 1938 THE TIMES
Recalling that after a visit forty years earlier, S.C.C. persuaded Swinburne to allow him to send the transcript of his poem to the local museum where it was exhibited.

Hardy’s Library 17 Sept. 1938 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Concerning imitations of labels S.C.C. had printed for insertion in Thomas Hardy’s books; the authentic label illustrated.

‘The Fawn’ 14 Oct. 1938 THE TIMES
Concerning Disraeli’s favourite hawthorn tree in Green Park and Lord Rowton’s too late effort to save it.

‘What’s Dunton?’ 23 Nov. 1939 SUNDAY TIMES
Attributing the pleasantry on Watts-Dunton’s name to William de Morgan; other letters 9 Nov. and 3 Dec.

Private Diaries 16 Jan. 1942 SPECTATOR
Explains S.C.C.’s own method.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti 9 May 1942 NEW STATESMAN AND NATION
A defence of Rossetti prompted by ‘disparagements . . . that have been appearing in your columns lately’.

Cologne Cathedral 13 July 1943 THE TIMES
Mediaeval cathedrals and all other great works of art are the heritage of the whole world, wherever they may happen to be.’

Cologne Cathedral 21 July 1943 THE TIMES
A reply to Prof. Patrick Abercrombie’s comment of 16 July that the greater part of Cologne Cathedral is not mediaeval.

[22] Rouen Cathedral 7 Sept. 1944 THE TIMES                                                                                

'The mutilation of Rouen Cathedral is one of the major cultural disasters of the war . . . One has only to reflect on the science, imagination, crafts­manship, piety, and collective aspiration that went into the making of the mediaeval cathedrals, wherever they may be situated, to realize that they enshrine in stone the very quintessence of humanity.'

Edward Johnston 29 Nov. 1944 THE TIMES
An appreciation.

'The Yellow Duck' 19 Dec. 1944 THE TIMES
Quoting letter from Sir Alec Guinness, then commanding a naval vessel in Greek waters, about toys for Greek children.

Yellow Duck Clubs 17 Jan. 1945 THE TIMES
Calling for London organizer of clubs for making toys for toyless children. See also The Times 24 Jan. 1945.

The Classics 24 April 1945 THE TIMES
'I started Latin at seven, and Greek at nine . . . There is no part of my slender mental equipment that I value so much . . .'

On Victory Stamps 25 June 1946 THE TIMES
Disclosing that Sir Kenneth Clarke, Sir Francis Meynell and S.C.C. were joint assessors of designs submitted for stamps and, independently of one another, selected Reynolds Stone's.

Memorials to Keats 14 Aug. 1946 THE TIMES
Warning against ill-effects of exposure to daylight of original documents.

Fountains Abbey 1 Nov. 1946 THE TIMES
The war-cry of the S.P.A.B. is Ruskin's aphorism: 'Let us then talk no more of restoration - the thing is a lie from beginning to end.'

William Morris  27 Mar. 1947 LISTENER
Correcting Mr John C. Tarr's assertion that Morris never designed a type face and proceeding to a general defence of Morris.

William Morris  24 April 1947 LISTENER
S.C.C.'s reply to John C. Tarr's answer of 3 April.

William Morris  1 May 1947 LISTENER
S.C.C.'s reply to Sir Francis Meynell's letter of 24 April:  'It is useless to complain of an elephant for not having all the attributes of a giraffe.'

William Morris  15 May 1947 LISTENER
S.C.C.'s reply to Mr John C. Tarr's further letter of 8 May, 1947.

Battle of Britain Memorial 12 July 1947 THE TIMES
Calling for names of designer and executant of the memorial window in Westminster Abbey.

The Split Infinitive 4 Sep. 1947 THE TIMES
Quoting Shaw's letter to The Times 'forty years ago' and Thomas Hardy's opinion about the split infinitive.

[23] William Morris 14 Sep. 1947 SUNDAY TIMES
Appealing to the University of Oxford to observe the obligations to maintain the Morris family grave in Kelmscott Churchyard.

Questionable Literary Practices 25 Sep. 1947 LISTENER
Concerning English usage.

William Morris  28 Sep. 1947 SUNDAY TIMES
Acknowledging Dr W. T. S. Stallybrass's assurance of 21 Sept. that S.C.C.'sappeal to Oxford University did not fall on deaf ears; defends two t's in spelling of Kelmscott.

Wilfrid Scawen Blunt     2 Oct. 1947 LISTENER
Letter prompted by Mr Rupert Croft-Cooke's broadcast on Blunt; quotes W.E. Henley's preface to The Poetry of Wilfrid Blunt, 1898.

Wilfrid Scawen Blunt     16 Oct. 1947 LISTENER
S.C.C.'s reply to Mr Croft-Cooke's answer of 9 Oct.; 'my aim is to prevent the repetition of even small inaccuracies concerning these re­markable men' (Morris and Blunt).

All For a Penny 30 Oct. 1947 THE TIMES
'There is still one rich pennyworth left to us ... admittance to Kew Gardens.'

Lord Baldwin 17 Dec. 1947 THE TIMES
Concerning the maternal relatives of Earl Baldwin and Lord Rayleigh.

Walter Howard Frere 3 Jan. 1948 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Concerning the name of Paston House, Bateman Street, Cambridge.

W. R. Lethaby 29 Jan. 1948 LISTENER
Commending Mr J. Brandon-Jones's broadcast and adding 'a few small corrections and elucidations'.

Ruskin & Socialism 19 Feb. 1948 LISTENER
Concerning the nature of Ruskin's and Morris' Socialism.

England's Gothic Treasure 23 Mar. 1948 SUNDAY TIMES
On the superiority of French cathdrals.

England's Gothic Treasure 11 April 1948 SUNDAY TIMES
A reply to A. L. Rowse's letter of 4 April; see also H. Godfrey's letter of 18 April.

The English Private Press Movement 29 April 1948 LISTENER
Correcting errors in James Shand's broadcast.

Portrait of William Morris 1 May 1948 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Concerning the errors in Mrs Esther Meynell's Portrait.

A Garden in Southwark 21 July 1948 THE TIMES
Recalling Octavia Hill's garden in Red Cross Street, Southwark, and appealing to social workers to provide harmless channels for the destruc­tive impulses of children; see also George S. Burden's letter 3 Aug.

[24] Wilfred Scawen Blunt 16 Sep. 1948 LISTENER
Rejecting Lady Wentworth's description of Blunt in her letter of 9 Sept.

Wilfred Scawen Blunt 14 Oct. 1948 LISTENER
A reply to Lady Wentworth's answer of 7 Oct.

The Nature of Ruskin    11 Aug. 1949 LISTENER
Defending the accuracy of Derrick Leon's summing-up of Ruskin as 'wise, witty, gentle, generous and curiously good-natured'.

William Morris  20 Nov. 1949 OBSERVER
Challenging G. B. Shaw's suggestion that Morris' biographer, Mackail regarded Morris' Socialism as 'a deplorable aberration'.

William Morris & Oscar Wilde 3 Feb. 1950 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Refuting G. B. Shaw's assertion that 'when William Morris was dying slowly he enjoyed a visit from Wilde more than anyone else'.

Burns Manuscripts 11 Feb. 1950 SUNDAY TIMES
Concerning John Gribbel's gift of the Glenriddell volumes of Burns MSS. to Edinburgh and Glasgow, and three autographs of 'Scots Wha Hae'.

Epitaph on the Fallen 24 Feb. 1950 RADIO TIMES
Ascribing a couplet, broadcast as anonymous, to J. M. Edmonds.

William Wordsworth 26 April 1950 THE TIMES
Concerning Samuel Roger's court dress, borrowed by Wordsworth and later by Tennyson.

William Morris' Home 20 May 1950 THE TIMES
Expressing anxiety about the future of Red House; co-signatories Eric Maclagan, Nikolaus Pevsner, John Summerson.

Misericords for Nurses 26 May 1950 THE TIMES
A plea for flap-seats in hospitals, similar to those provided for monks and Tube travellers.

Yours Ever, Doodle 20 Nov. 1950 THE TIMES
Drawing attention to contemporary renascence of good handwriting in England and condemning illegible signatures, prompted by leading article of 15 Nov.

Better Handwriting 29 Nov. 1950 THE TIMES
Correcting Mrs H. Franklin's letter of 27 Nov. concerning Mrs Robert Bridges' contribution to handwriting reform.

Morris & Rossetti 3 Dec. 1950 OBSERVER
Concerning the relationship of Morris,  Mrs  Morris and  Rossetti, and Morris' famous rages; see Sir Ifor Evans's answer of 10 Dec. S.C.C's reply of 1 Feb. 1951 not printed, but incorporated in T.L.S. letter of 6 July.

Rossetti & Mrs Morris 6 July 1951 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Commenting on Prof. Oswald Doughty's biography of Rossetti and letter to T.L.S. of 8 June, corrects story that Meredith sat for Rossetti for the head of Christ in 'Mary Magdalene at the Gate of Simon the Pharisee'.

[25] Minor Decorations  8 Aug. 1957 THE TIMES
I submit that minor decorations should not be worn on envelopes, but should be confined to the pages of Who's Who,' prompted a fourth leader of 29 Aug.

Rossetti & Mrs Morris 24 Aug. 1951 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
S.C.C.'s reply to Prof. Oswald Doughty's answer of 17 Aug.; see Mr Philip Henderson's letter of 7 Sept.

E. Gillick 1 Oct. 1951 THE TIMES
Pointing out that Mrs Gillick was not dead.

Bernard Shaw's Mistakes 19 Oct. 1951 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
'He was frequently tempted, for effect, to combine invention with memory in describing both events and persons. When I called him to task on one occasion he admitted a distortion, adding that he just could not refrain from dramatizing his impressions.'

Turner's Character, light thrown by letter of 1857 27 Dec. 1951 THE TIMES
Evidence against suggested miserliness of J. M. W. Turner provided by a letter, quoted in full, of J. D. Coleridge (afterwards Lord Chief Justice) to C. R. Cockerell, R.A. (no relation of S.C.C.), dated 17 Feb. 1857.

Arden of Feversham 2 Oct. 1952 THE TIMES
Recording Swinburne's opinion that Shakespeare the author of the play.

A Book Which Inspired Eric Gill 15 Feb. 1953 SUNDAY TIMES
S.C.C. introduced Eric Gill to Hubner's Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae.

Dickens & Ellen Ternan 22 Mar. 1953 SUNDAY TIMES
'Assuming an intrigue to have occurred (between Charles Dickens and Ellen Ternan, a close friend of S.C.C.'s mother), surely so frequent a situation is being unduly magnified. The degree of intimacy to which their mutual admiration led them was their own affair.'

Everest 19 June 1953 THE TIMES
I met a man who told me that his father was born in 1791 and that he had the highest monument in the world . . . What an amazing piece of luck that it (his name) was so splendidly appropriate, and not just Jones or Juggins.'

Tradition and Innovation 17 Sep. 1953 THE TIMES
Concerning art schools and apprenticeships, posters and pictorial adver­tisements; prompted by Sir Gordon Russell's article of 17 Sept.

Artistic Licence for Noses 4 Oct. 1953 SUNDAY TIMES
Thomas Hardy's nose straightened in the bust of him by Sir Hamo Thorneycroft.

Hardy After Fifty Years            22 Jan. 1954 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Correcting the suggestion that Hardy's ashes were interred in Westminster Abbey against his wishes.

[26] Blunt's Burial 28 May 1954 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Refuting the fanciful description of Wilfred Scawen Blunt's burial in Miss Kaye-Smith's Weald of  Kent and Sussex, and giving the true account.

Writing Ink 7 Oct. 1954 THE TIMES
Proposing a campaign for the improvement of ink.

Oxford's Beauty            16 Feb. 1955 THE TIMES
Recalling an hour spent in Oxford railway station with William Morris 'because I could not induce him to face with me the changes that had come over the beloved city since his undergraduate days'.

William Morrris 17 July 1955 OBSERVER
Commenting on Mr A. J. P. Taylor's review of Mr E. P. Thompson's study of William Morris.

Dyson Perrins & The Gorleston Psalter 7 Feb. 1958 THE TIMES
Recalling that Dyson Perrins asked S.C.C. to evaluate the Psalter.

A Dream that Failed 23 Oct. 1958 THE TIMES
Recollections of Ruskin prompted by Mr Oliver Edwards' article on Fors Clavigera, 16 Oct.

Portrait of Byron 1 Mar. 1959 SUNDAY TIMES
Concerning forged portraits of Byron.

Perpetuated Misprints 11 Sep. 1959 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Concerning the substitution of 'chatter' for 'clatter' in Francis Thompson's The Hound of Heaven.

Pedestrian Prowess 7 Jan. 1960 THE TIMES
Concerning a contest between Weston and O'Leary, the champion walkers, and a trick played at Weston's expense at Cambridge.

Shavian 29 July 1960 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Explaining the origin of George Bernard Shaw's adopted adjective.

An Echo of Tess (uncorrected) 4 Mar. 1961 TIMES LITT. SUPP.
Concerning the date of composition of 'Beyond the Last Lamp' and pro­posing a panel on the cottage in which Hardy wrote The Return of the Native.

Melbourne Art Gallery 4 Mar. 1961 THE TIMES
A renewed appeal for civic pride and civic enthusiasm in the city of Melbourne.

Thomas Hardy's Heart 9 Mar. 1961 LISTENER
Not true, pace Mr C. Day Lewis's 'local farmer', that Hardy's heart was not buried at Stinsford because 'the cat got 'en'; no cat at Max Gate.

No Blame for Ruskin 7 Mar. 1962 THE TIMES
Defending Ruskin against the charge that he was in the habit of cutting out leaves from his mediaeval MSS. to give to his friends; see also James S. Dearden's letter of 22 Mar.

A Recommendation from William Morris [of S. C. C.]

[27-28] [image of William Morris’s recommendation of Mr. Sydney Cockrell to the Royal Academy, 1892]

[28] A RECOMMENDATION FROM WILLIAM MORRIS

            Sydney Cockerell first saw Morris in 1885 when he attended Morris' public meetings. Through his brother, Theodore, who was a member of the Hammersmith branch of the Socialist League, Cockerell came to know Morris; and John Ruskin was also a point of contact. After his election to the Committee of the S.P.A.B. in April 1890, he met Morris much more frequently.

            From 1884 to 1892 Cockerell worked in the family firm of Geo. Cockerell & Co., coal merchants - employment for which he felt little enthusiasm, but which provided him with a business training which he always considered to have been valuable.

            In 1892 he determined to devote the remainder of his life to activities that interested him. On 19 October, during a stay at Kelmscott Manor, Morris invited him to prepare a catalogue of his library. Cockerell started work on 1 November. But this was not at first seen as a permanency. He contemplated applying for the curatorship of Sir John Soane's Museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and obtained the recommendation reproduced above, only to discover that architectural qualifications were required.

Tearing Johnston to pieces

            [29] 'If a young man came to me with work like that I should tell him there was no hope for him.' Sir Sydney Cockerell was com­menting, years after Johnston had established his pre-eminence in the sphere of calligraphy, on some of his friend's early work. Their first meeting was proposed by W. R. Lethaby, who had discerned the promise in Johnston's preliminary ventures; the date and place is precisely fixed by the records they both made: 28 October 1898 at the British Museum. 'I was asked to point out the manuscript that I thought most worthy of the attention of a potential scribe', Sir Sydney recalled '. . . we did not go behind the scenes. I merely took Johnston from case to case, pointing out the finest pieces of handwriting and laying a special stress on the Winchester scripts of the 10th and 11th centuries . . .' Johnston was twenty-six and had recently abandoned the study of medicine at Edinburgh University. Cockerell was thirty-one; six months earlier, he had completed the winding-up of the Kelmscott Press.

            On 31 October Johnston visited Cockerell at his lodgings in Richmond and saw his Morris manuscripts - some experimental leaves of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, some leaves of the Heimskringla Saga, the Saga of Kormak, the Story of Haider, as well as original designs for the Kelmscott Press. In her biography his daughter writes that Johnston was impressed by the sweetness and naturalness of Morris' work and thought his own the better for having seen it. His progress as a calligrapher was rapid. In July 1899 Cockerell, who had secured him his first public com­mission, wrote: 'I am happy to congratulate you as having passed beyond the experimental stage and reached a degree of accom­plishment that would not discredit a first-rate mediaeval scribe'. He commissioned Johnston to write out for him The Song of Songs; the scribe accepted joyfully - but Cockerell never got it. Six years later in a letter dated 15 September 1904 Johnston re­called the meeting at the British Museum and Cockerell's 'criti­cism and advice (for about half an hour) which were and have been of great value to me'. During those years he had been pre­paring his great book Writing and Illuminating and Lettering. 'We met fairly frequently and discussed its preparation' recalled (30) Cockerell. In particular he was able to help Johnston with the plates, both as owner of several of the manuscripts illustrated as the partner of Emery Walker in the famous photo-engraving firm. The book was first published in October 1906. In a charac­teristic comment on it, thirty-nine years later, Cockerell observed:   'I have sometimes made bold to assert that this small volume, now in its nineteenth edition, is the best handbook ever written on any subject. That is a rash claim that could only be made after a perusal of all other handbooks on all other subjects I will now be content to declare that, with its faultless illustra­tions by Noel Rooke, Johnston's handbook is a masterpiece, im­mensely instructive and  stimulating.' Johnston sent Cockerell copies of the successive editions of the book, noting in them the alterations and additions he had made. The copy he sent of the fifth edition bore the splendid dedication illustrated. The joyous mood evident from the inscription was no doubt accounted for by the return from a T.B. sanatorium of Johnston's wife, Greta, to whom he was devoted. In the accompanying letter he wrote:

Ditchling, Sussex

  1. Novr.   1913.

Dear Cockerell,

Here at last is your book and another edition which I hope you will not find in the way.
When the book was sent to you in 1906, my finances were rather at a low ebb and I put your name and a number of others on a presentation list - so that it became a mutual gift from myself & the publisher. I have now scribbled a note in it to that effect.

I admit it was rather slack considering how much I owed to your help and criticism, but now that I am a little better off, I am trying to atone for this by sending you a specially (tho' not v. well) inscribed copy of the 5th edition.
This latter I have marked throughout with the corrections of & additions to the 1st & 2nd editions (embodied in the 2nd & 3rd editions - since the latter, there have only been reprints). Most of these are trifling - though they number over 200 - but they might give the book a comparative value in the eyes of a painful & earnest bibliophile, and you yourself might be amused if you should happen to notice how I compromised in dealing with one or two of the more difficult comments wh. you were good enough to send me at the time.

I am hoping to revise the book considerably - especially some of the

(31) [image of Edward Johnston’s dedication to Sir Sydney Cockerell of a copy of the fifth edition of his Writing and Illuminating and Lettering. Original size]

(32) figures — if it reaches a 7th edn, &, I need hardly say, that I should so very greatly value any criticisms which you might have the leisure and in­terest to make.

Yours sincerely, Edward Johnston

Cockerell replied promptly.

Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge.
Nov 21 1913

Dear Johnston,

It is most good of you not only to send back my old copy of your book - but to add a new one, nobly inscribed and annotated. I have been through it from first page to last with much interest, noting the marked passages, which are all improvements. I cannot remember which, of these I suggested, though I seem to recognise myself in the reference to Morris & I should like to think that the addition to the paragraph on correcting is due to me. I am always declaring that a little book like most of those done  by modern scribes for good prices - intended to be cherished and scrutinised - should never be disfigured by corrections. A book of 1000 pages, like the 13th century Bibles, is another matter. But think what a deal of tearing up  and  painting out an  artist like Burne-Jones  (& for that matter every other artist of note) had to indulge in before he was satisfied to relinquish a piece of his work - & shall a scribe, who claims also to be an  artist, spare  himself the penalty of a blunder by making it doubly apparent?

By the way from which of my sermons, written or spoken, does 'always tore Johnston in pieces' come? I don't remember using the phrase - was it some old banter?

This inscription, & another on a rubbing of Gill's Gloria in altissimis etc are the only samples of your formal calligraphy that I possess. Are you still open to a ten guinea commission? If so a little book of Johnstonian sample scripts is what I should like best to show my young friends here. The sum is small, but I am now the father of three children, and I have to be stingy or at any rate retiring - & of course I do not wish you to do anything at less than your present figure - I only mean that if you accept small commissions I am good for the amount named & you must give me in return whatever number of written lines you are nowadays prepared to produce for that sum.

I am very sorry to hear that you have been in anxiety about Mrs. Johnston's health. I hope that she is now better.

With many thanks I am,

Yours sincerely, Sydney C. Cockerell

(33) [image of Letter S.C. Cockerell to Edward Johnston dated 21 November, 1913: page 3, original size]

         Johnson’s careful note of this letter records that he received it on the morning of 22 November and that in answer he sent a postcard on the 25th and a letter on the 27th. The letter read:

(34) P.S. On the flap of the envelope you have                          Ditchling,
cornered me abt. 'Versals' - I must write                                       Sussex.
of this again. E.J.                                                                            27 Novr. 1913

Dear Cockerell,

Thank you for your very kind letter of the 21st wh. I only acknowledged the other day. I greatly admire your care, and appreciate your in­terest in going through every page of the marked book. The reference to Morris came from you, and merited a better position than I gave it in my haste. The addition to the paragraph on correcting was due to you. I think I appreciate your remarks on the matter of corrections in small modern MSS. perhaps I do not regard such MSS. seriously enough considering that a craftsman - if anyone - knows that what is worth doing, is worth doing well. I too have painful experience of the 'tearing up' process and have even spoilt 30/-s worth of precious vellum in one day; in fact it is almost an evil temptation for me: in doing single pages or 'broadsides' I rewrite about one out of every three. It is not, however, what I should call humane faults that fret me but the inhumane ones due to bad materials (or bad humour): thus ordinary misspellings, writing smaller, occasional hand slips seem to me (&, indeed, are to me) natural frailties, but bad skins, bad ink, or false strokes are clearly from the Devil (in spite of Tennyson, there is no lie 'blacker' than a false pen stroke, especially if the ink be too thick). And again by nature & the course of my work it is the education of freedom that I seek, or the chase & capture of one's birthright propriety -that in the avoidance of slavery to 'the proprieties' may perhaps tempt me into occasional ostentatious carelessness. (Forgive this 'fine writing' - the Handbook is fairly free of it, at least.)

The quotation you inquire about is the answer you made to a question by Mr. E. Walker. I think I had taken that Gill-rubbing & something of mine to show you at Cliffords Inn & was thoroughly enjoying your usual bracing criticism when Mr. Walker came in & asked in surprise if it was not good. You answered 'No ('Not bad' substituted in Cockerell's hand - ed.) but I always tear Johnston in pieces, and I must say he stands it very well!'

Your criticism was invaluable to me; you cannot imagine how really 'bracing' it was. Generally not at all fault-finding, but, 'you didn't say it was bad, but you didn't like it - that green was a sour green but look at this' and you would produce, from your trouser pocket apparently, a marvellous work of an earlier century, that completely disconceited me, for the time, and presently spurred me on enthusiastically.

I should be delighted to do the little book of scripts for 10 guineas. Please let me have any ideas for it you would wish me to follow, and say how much you would leave to me: Also, would you like me to have it bound in plain leather out of the fee. I can hardly begin it before Christmas.

Yours sincerely

Edward Johnston

(35) [image of Letter of Edward Johnston to S.C. Cockerell dated 27 November 1913: page 3, original size]

(36) Cockerell's immediate reply, dated 28 November, 1913, contained a significant paragraph:

'It is a great satisfaction to me - seeing that I can produce nothing at all myself - to be told that I have helped other people to produce things that the world will prize - & if my cold bath comments were really bracing to you I am thankful to have been allowed to make them. It is my round-about way of praising what I know to be good but think could be bettered.  You will have discerned eager and admiring sympathy in the naughtiest things I said.'
Johnston delayed his reply until 15 December and then pro-posed that Cockerell's commission should be completed by Lady Day 1914, confessing that he found it necessary to bind himself to a definite date and explaining that he had other weighty pre­occupations at the time - his last series of L.C.C. lectures and the designs for type he was, contrary to his principles, preparing for Count Kessler's Cranach Press. Cockerell readily agreed, and pro­posed a variety of fanciful tortures to be applied to Johnston in the event of non-delivery. But these proved unnecessary, for Johnston kept to the date. In a hasty note, he wrote:

Ditchling,
Written in the train                                                                      Sussex,
Dear Cockerell,                                                                            24 March, 1914.

The MS Book is now posted to you & I hope you will receive it on Lady Day. I have not had time to read it over properly (& there may be a lot of mistakes besides the ones noted)

You perhaps have no notion how difficult a task it is to make a collection of suitable quotations - when you are given a free hand - and I fear you make take objection to my choice. I thought over the matter for weeks and, finding no comfort in your phrase 'unadulterated Johnston. I at length was held and helped by your direction 'written primarily for your own pleasure & only incidentally for mine'. I thought then it should be a story with other quotations related coherently. But as you did not bargain for a religious treatise, nor for any erasures,* will you please consider it carefully, and, if you would prefer something else, I should be delighted to do it instead (I know a man who would almost certainly take over the present MS.)

*Note: You wd. not believe the number of trials made & of vellum abandoned, but I am rather out of practice & apparently constitutionally careless.

Yrs. sincerely,
E. Johnston

[37] [image of The House of David, his Inheritance: A book of sample scripts 1914 A.D: title page. Red and black; script area 6 13/32 inches deep]

[38] [image of Contents page A book of sample scripts. Script area 5 22/32 inches deep]

[39] Hispostscript added that he had mentioned the book to Sir J. Spielmann as a possible item for the Paris Arts and Crafts exhibition. The superb MS book Johnston sent Cockerell bore the title The House of David, his Inheritance: A book of sample scripts, 1914 a.d. It is 10 x 7 3/4 inches, written on vellum in black and red, and was bound by C. & C. McLeish in roan calf. Johnston's dummy for the book contains a fascinating collection of trials, drafts, notes and calculations. It appears that the work took him five weeks. Cockerell, in his reply, rose to the occasion - and asked for more.

Wayside,
Cavendish Avenue,
Cambridge.
March 26 1914

My dear Johnston,

I have been in London & on returning today find your letter & the Book. The latter is exactly what I wanted -a very noble, strong & digni­fied work of art - though I had not expected so much for the money. The sum agreed on is yours as soon as I know what I owe for the binding - & I will send along, as a kind of makeweight, a couple of books containing reproductions of pages of MS.

The selections you have made form an admirable whole & please me thoroughly - I have read them from beginning to end. As to the erasures they need some looking for even when the pages are indicated - & are there­fore much better than your old method of calling special attention to all slips.

Now for remarks: (a) The titlepage is very ingenious & beautiful, & could only have been bettered by the addition of the scribe's name & of a letter i that has tumbled out of divisit. (b) The list of contents is charm­ing in every way & the italic is exquisite. (c) The Greek looks splendid but I think the time has passed for running words together & should have therefore preferred to sacrifice solidity to ease of reading by dividing them. (d) The whole Goliath story is almost as much beyond praise as a piece of writing as it is as a piece of literature - I note that I prefer the effect of d to that of s , as the oblique stroke of the latter form slightly disturbs the massiveness of general effect. I like the line endings. (e) Psalm XXIII is altogether magnificent & gives me wonderful pleasure & elation. (f) Acts. I like this least of the samples. The caps are beautiful - but I regard half uncials as an illogical & transitional form of script that should not be revived. All the same the two pages are very handsome. (g) The piece from the Apocalypse is glorious & most stately. It fills me with admiration, & the last page of caps is monumental. (h) The final page of notes is very nice indeed. (i-z) The sum total is a wonderful possession, of which I am very proud indeed. There are few books in my library, whether old or new, from which I can count on getting the continual pleasure and stimulus (40) that this sample book will give me. This afternoon a schoolboy enthusiast came to consult me about an address that he has to write out when the king comes to his school here next month. I asked him home to tea & let him look at your book afterwards. He went away both abashed and en-couraged. I shall grudge it much to Paris for six whole months, but I will lend it if asked to do so. I have had to consent to lend my wife's books & am downcast at the thought of being deprived of them for so long.
The only remedy that I can think of is that you should write me another book by Midsummer! Have you anything on the stocks of which I could be given the refusal - or is there anything that you arc eager to do? Having at last a Johnston opus it would be absurd to be satisfied with only one. I pine for No 2. Say what you would like it to be, & name the figure - & if I cannot shout yes I shall be greatly disappointed.

Or can you come here for a day or two & talk it over - & see some of the wonderful MSS. in Cambridge? It would be very nice if you could.

Yours always
Sydney C. Cockerell

Johnston expressed his gratitude, and evident relief, in two post­cards he sent as temporary acknowledgement of Cockerell's thanks. Later, in a letter, he proposed that MS. No. 2 should be some chapters of St. Luke at £16. Cockerell readily accepted. But as with the Song of Songs he waited in vain.

A book of Sample Scripts was exhibited at Paris. As Cockerell foresaw, it was for him an abiding source of pleasure. Years later he wrote:
                                                                               21 Kew Gardens Road
                                                                               Kew, Surrey
                                                                               12 Feb 1938

My dear Johnston,

This evening, as on so many a previous occasion, I have been gloating over the Book of Sample scripts you made for me four and twenty years ago. When I consider what I paid for it I am filled with shame. I hope therefore that you will allow me to offer you this trifling addition by way of conscience money.

What a fool I was not to bully and cajole you into finishing the Song of Songs all those years before! But I am indeed lucky to have this fine specimen of your work, together with the very beautiful Christmas Carol. This last hangs in my bedroom opposite my pillow, so that I may see it first thing in the morning and last thing at night.

We have left Cambridge and are happy in our new quarters, very near Kew Gardens. It is long since I had news of you. I hope you are well.

Yours always
 Sydney Cockerell

[41] [image of the Colophon of A book of sample scripts. Script area 5 3/16 inches deep]

[42] The fifteenth-century carol to which Cockerell refers in the letter is   Adam   lay   ybounden.   Johnston presented it to him on 23 December 1925. This, the letters here quoted, and the superb book of sample scripts itself, Cockerell generously presented to the Victoria & Albert Museum.

            Johnston had by this time received universal acclaim, but the depth and sincerity of his gratitude for his old friend's praise are again apparent from his reply of 17 February 1938, in which he refers to 'a dear Master who used to "tear" me "in pieces - his own words.' 'Your letter,' he confessed, 'is charming, encouraging and kind. Sincere, competent praise seems very rare and, even at sixty-six, I feel it and am helped by it and can dream, at least, of doing better.'

            He wrote but twice more to Cockerell, on 16 May 1943 and on 7 August 1944. Both letters are included in The Best of Friends. In the first he again acknowledges the value of Cockerell's assis­tance at the outset of his career. He died on 26 November 1944. In an address delivered at a meeting arranged by the Society of Scribes and Illuminators in the Hall of the Art Workers' Guild on 10 November 1945, later printed by the Maidstone College of Art 1947, Cockerell paid a noble and moving tribute to the man he had been wont to 'tear in pieces':

            'Johnston has had numberless pupils and followers, but not one of them has attained to his degree of accomplishment. Nor do I think that it is possible to rival him by technical skill without an accompanying range of imagination equivalent to his. Such a quality is exceedingly rare. Artists, poets, dramatists or composers of the highest rank do not occur many times in a century, and Johnston at his best was an artist of the highest rank . . .

            He was a man apart, a genius, not to be weighed in the same balance with an ordinary mortal. Moreover, he suffered from continual ill health by which he was greatly hampered. I have already referred to a fineness of spirit. Even more than his pre­eminence as a craftsman it was his clear vision in other directions, his gentle bearing, his unconscious saintliness, his unworldly outlook, his whimsicality, and his whole philosophy of living that endeared him to his pupils and friends and roused their ardent unwavering devotion. By none of them will he ever be forgotten.
r.c.h.b.

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